It would really depend on the application itself. If it's an app provided by the Microsoft or Windows "app storefront" built into Windows 10+, then Microsoft would have oversight into what content is permitted in the apps, similar to how Apple or Google police their respective app stores.
However, if the program or application is something found in the wild, either on physical media or the Internet, the most Microsoft can do is throw a pop up warning you that it might not be "secure" if it's unsigned/unverified code. They wouldn't have any further oversight of your local machine than that unless you're running a very limited account, or an unusually limited version of Windows like Windows 7 Start or Windows 10 Enterprise.